How Neutral is Switzerland: Theories of Neutrality in the Post-War Era

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Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 has forced Switzerland to reassess its long-standing policies on neutrality, highlighting the overall evolution of state neutrality occasioned by modern geopolitics. Since the end of the Cold War, collective security regimes, integrated economies, and multinational alliances have risen to prominence as vehicles for global prosperity and peace, as neutrality’s role in the international system has diminished. In place of traditional conceptions of neutrality, new theories of the practice have emerged allowing for countries to claim neutral status despite a lessening of their obligations and increased integration into global affairs. This note recontextualizes Switzerland’s status as the quintessential neutral country by examining how the nation’s neutrality policies have shifted to adapt to the current crisis in Ukraine. Looking at why and how the implementation of these policies have evolved since World War II unearths a continually intensifying integration into Western European and American agreements, alliances, and economies, highlighting Switzerland’s rebalanced valuation of increased international participation versus traditional neutrality principles. Recognition of these shifts in neutrality practice allows for an updated understanding of both Switzerland’s current international position and the very existence of neutrality itself in the twenty-first century.

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